The Mission-Informed Library–Internal Marketing to Improve the Organizational Climate in the Public Library

by Kathleen Hughes on May 23, 2019

by Amy An, Instructional Services II Librarian at the Boca Raton (FL) Public Library. Contact Amy at aan@myboca.us.

“We treat coworkers and other colleagues with respect, fairness, and good faith, and advocate conditions of employment that safeguard the rights and welfare of all employees of our institutions.”—American Library Association (ALA) Code of Ethics [1]

Library mission statements almost universally include some variation of “meet the information needs of the community” to demonstrate that serving patrons is one of the most highly held values of the library. Libraries have faced many challenges in meeting that mission since the World Wide Web went live in 1991; technology has transformed what those information needs are and how we deliver them. The pace of the change may have blinded us to the experience of our internal patrons—library staff. It is difficult to imagine that the staff experience of libraries is anything but welcoming and open to a diversity of discourse and ideas. “There is a presumption that libraries . . . are places of refuge, bastions of freedom, and evidence of civilization at its best.”[2] Yet this is far truer for patrons than it is for employees. The presumption that libraries are universally welcoming all too often glosses over the lived experiences of library employees.

Public library staff and the organizational climate in which they work are far less healthy, collegial, or civil than we imagine. This has a deep impact on the ability of a library to serve its patrons. Dysfunction and incivility in the workroom lead to poorer patron outcomes. A potential solution is “internal marketing,” a concept borrowed from management research, and used effectively to improve staff engagement in the workplace and com- mitment to patron outcomes. Library employees are, arguably, the library’s first and most important “customer.” The library mission statement is an underutilized and critical tool for addressing internal marketing in the library, for improving staff engagement in the workplace, and for increasing overall commitment to and improvement of patron outcomes.

The Disrupted Library

The working environment of the library has changed dramatically. We are all aware of the changes and growing pains for libraries over the past thirty years as a result of automation and the increasingly fast pace of technological growth. Patrons, boards, administrations, and other stakeholders expect libraries to keep up with changes (with shrinking budgets!) and offer modern ILS systems, discovery layers, apps, e-materials, and more. And patrons expect libraries to help them learn to keep up with the changes by offering more tech instruction and increasing levels of help desk support. The job has changed!

These new technologies, changing job requirements, and economic pressures have combined to “disrupt” the traditional library operating environment.[3] This disruption is due to the erosion of the central purpose of the library. Until very recently, the library has had what Henry, Eshleman, and Moniz call a “functional monopoly over providing information services.”[4] Organizing and providing access to print information was the bread and butter of the library and few, if any, other organizations provided the services offered by libraries and librarians. Today, anyone with a modern smartphone can appear to provide the same service. While service remains the core value of libraries, we are operating in a fluid and constantly restructuring environment that can lack clarity of purpose. Without clarity of purpose, the work environment is correspondingly confused and prone to dysfunction. There is evidence for this; when the work role is clear, when employees know what is expected of them, they exhibit more organizational commitment and more job satisfaction.[5] Henry et al. say that without a clear grasp of the “core daily mission . . . dysfunction moves in through the cracks.”[6]

The Dysfunctional Library

Libraries have changed. We all know this. What is less clear is the impact this is having on staff. If we think about incivility and dysfunction in the library at all, we are most often thinking about the public-facing side; about the emotional labor of working with patrons.[7] We pay less attention to the problems on the workroom side. There is evidence that libraries have become increasingly dysfunctional places to work; that bullying, incivility, and dysfunction are a regularly occurring problem on the workroom side of the library.

Bullying, Incivility, and Dysfunction are Widespread

In 2009, Susan Motin issued a call to address mobbing and bullying in US libraries. At the ACRL 14th National Conference, she presented a paper titled, “Bullying or Mobbing: Is It Happening in Your Academic Library?” [8] In it, she credited Thomas Hecker with opening the discussion about bullying and mobbing in US libraries but noted there was little a target could do to stop or prevent bullying. In 2007, Thomas Hecker introduced the term “mobbing” to the American library audience in “Workplace Mobbing: A Discussion for Librarians,” published in the Journal of Academic Librarianship.[9] In short, mobbing is bullying by a group. Hecker used the terms “insidious” and “prolonged” to distinguish mobbing from more traditional workplace conflicts that are most often resolved fairly quickly, and from bullying, which is perpetrated by one individual against one person. He reported that lifetime risk of mobbing in Sweden was 25 percent (and he estimated the risk was similar in the US). Men, women, and all age groups were equally targeted, he found no defined “target personality” but workers with disabilities were five times more likely to be mobbed and
it happened more in schools, universities, and libraries than other workplaces. Although Motin and Hecker raised the issue and pointed to clear problems in academic libraries, it was not until 2016 that evidence about the extent of the problem became available and not until 2018 that public libraries were included in studies.

In 2016 and 2018, three research studies ended the relative silence surrounding workplace incivility and bullying in libraries. In 2016, Freedman and Vreven studied 414 academic library employees.[10] They found that 53 percent of employees witnessed bullying, 40 percent experi- enced bullying, and 24 percent witnessed/experienced the bullying weekly or daily. Freedman and Vreven also found that administrators experienced and witnessed less bullying; Asian and Black librarians experienced more bullying; there was more bullying at the time of tenure and promotion; and academic librarians at two-year institutions experienced more bullying than those at four-year institutions.

In 2018, Kim, Geary, and Bielefield studied 571 library employees in New England.[11] They found that almost half of respondents (45.7 percent) experienced bullying; academic libraries experienced significantly more bullying than public libraries; supervisors were most often the bullies, and male supervisors bullied their staff significantly more than they bullied fellow supervisors; and those over age thirty-five reported more bullying. They found bullying across gender lines, workplace positions, education levels, and years at the library.

Early in 2018, Jo Henry et al. reported the results of the largest study to date on this topic, conducting a survey of 4,168 library employees with the help of ALA.[12] In their 2018 book, The Dysfunctional Library, the authors detail an astonishing and disappointing breadth of poor behavior: incivility, bullying, mobbing, cyber-loafing, and workplace conflict.[13] More than 50 percent of respondents said their library workplaces were dysfunctional; 47 percent reported incivility daily or weekly; 40 percent experienced bullying personally, and almost half of those were bullied by higher-ranking coworkers or supervisors; 53 percent witnessed bullying daily or weekly; and 31 percent of the survey participants experienced conflict daily or weekly. They also found that public library staff experience significantly more workplace incivility than staff in other library types.[14] Although Kim, Geary, and Bielefield found more bullying in the academic library and Henry et al. found more in public libraries, all found evidence that bullying, incivility, and dysfunction are a serious problem in our library workplaces.

Costs of Incivility and Dysfunction in the Library

There is reason to be concerned about the high rates of incivility, dysfunction, bullying, and conflict on the staff side of the library. These high rates cause health problems for employees, have direct and indirect financial costs for employers, and result in poorer service outcomes for patrons. Kim, Geary, and Bielefield found increased health problems in 58.7 percent of those who experienced bullying. The list of mental and physical health related problems as a result of workplace bullying is extensive: anxiety, sleep disruption, depression, stress, headaches, suicide, PTSD, psychosomatic illness, compulsions, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, ulcers, and obesity. [15] Employees may lose promotions, jobs, and leave jobs due to bullying; one study found 12.1 percent of librarians left a position due to bullying. [16] The costs to replace an employee are well understood. Estimates of the costs to all American workplaces from bullying related absenteeism alone are as high as $4 billion a year.[17]

Employees do not perform as well when they experience or witness bullying and incivility. Work quality, work effort, and creativity are reduced. A significant percentage of US workers exposed to incivility intentionally reduced their work effort (48 percent) and work quality (38 percent) and they lost work time just worrying about an incident (80 percent).[18] This is true for library employees as well. Kendrick found a reduction in work effort in the library workplace in response to workplace bullying; library employees reported “work subterfuge behaviors or misconduct, including time-wasting, time-stealing, or procrastination.”[19] Henry et al describe what they call “organizational deviance,” employee actions intended to harm the organization: cyber- loafing, fraud/theft, and sabotage. [20] Porath and Pearson found that worker creativity suffered as a result of workplace incivility; study participants were “30 percent less creative, they produced 25 percent fewer ideas, and their ideas were less diverse.”[21] Quality of work is an issue not just for the targets but to witnesses. Incivility acts like a “contagion” and has a “spillover effect” on all bystanders; it impairs working memory which allows it to “hijack” work performance and prime dysfunctional thoughts for everyone in the workplace, not just the target. [22] But even worse than the decrease in work quality or creativity is the impact on organizational commitment; in one study, more than three-quarters said their commitment to the organization declined.[23]

Commitment to the organization is central to libraries because it is tied to
the quality of customer service. [24] In their analysis of six London library authorities, Broady-Preston and Steel showed that staff attitudes have an impact on patron perception of customer service.[25] Li and Bryan were able to demonstrate this connection at Cornell University Library (CUL). They compared their measures of service quality (LibQUAL and CUL surveys of customer satisfaction) to their results of their ClimateQUAL organizational health study. They demonstrated an empirical connection between organizational health and customer satisfaction.[26] Kyrillidiou and Roebuck offer the strongest connection between organizational health and customer service. They identified libraries that had administered both the LibQUAL measure of customer service and the ClimateQUAL measure of organizational health and analyzed the relationship between the two. They were able to show that the quality of the library climate for staff had an impact on users’ outcomes. That is, a healthy organization for staff results in a better service outcome for patrons. [27]

The Mission-Informed Library

The mission-informed library is a library that makes the library mission and values a regular part of the daily operations of the library. A 2014 survey showed that library directors identified library staff as the main audience for their mission statements, but they rated their mission statements as “only somewhat important” in informing daily operations in the library. [28] This is a missed opportunity. The library mission statement can play a crucial role in reducing dysfunction and improving patron outcomes.

Leadership and the Library Mission

Over and over again, the literature points to weak leadership as the cause of work- place dysfunction.[29] Surprisingly, employees report that the problem is not overly strong or micromanaging leadership but a lack of awareness of bullying [30] and weak, conflict avoidant leadership.[31] For example, most libraries do not have policies in place to address bullying; one study found that fewer than 10 percent of libraries had anti-bullying policies. [32] It is worth pointing out that in Kendrick’s study, every respon- dent said weak leadership ignored both the bullying and requests for help and was the cause of their low morale. [33

The library mission can support library leaders in taking a more active role in preventing dysfunction. For Lowry, Hanges, and Aiken, library leaders should “motivate employees toward shared goals that promote the success of the entire organization.” [34] In their book, Henry et al. argued that stronger leadership should promote the library mission as the shared goal. They identified the library mission statement as a way to focus staff and avoid problems and even expanded the definition of dysfunction to include a failure to communicate the mission of the organization. [35] Kyrillidiou and Roebuck also identified the library mission as critical. They argued that increasing staff commitment to the mission of the organization is central to improving customer service. [36] Internal marketing of the library mission statement and values can be the tool to create a shared goal, avoid dysfunction, increase employee commitment to the organization, and improve customer service. Bullying targets and witnesses want more active and stronger leadership, improved communication from leadership, and training for library managers and staff—exactly the steps internal marketing suggests.

Internal Marketing

Internal marketing (IM) is a management tool first proposed in 1981, revis- ited and redefined many times over the past thirty-seven years, and currently experiencing a resurgence of interest.[37] Generally, it refers to the management practice of promoting the organization and its objectives, mission, and brand to employees as if they were customers of the organization.[38] The goal of IM is to increase employee job satisfaction (which reduces turnover), employee commitment to the organization, and ultimately, to improve customer service. IM also improves work-role clarity, perception of the manager, reduces conflicts, helps integrate departments (avoids siloing), removes barriers between levels of the hierarchy, and drives employees towards organizational goals. [39] There is evidence that internal marketing is essential to a successful service industry. [40] And libraries are, at the core, a service industry.

IM in the Library

Libraries already have training programs for staff, external marketing that rightfully brags about new services or programs, and internal communications that inform staff about new features and programs. What they don’t often have is a plan to coordinate those elements into an internal marketing plan. Judith Broady-Preston and Lucy Steel analyzed a large library authority in London. [41] They found that libraries did indeed have many of the elements of IM in place but they were not effectively marshalling the elements into a coherent plan. They concluded that an IM program can create better outcomes for library patrons but that library staff were not aware of or using the principles of IM. Ned Potter agrees, saying IM is “massively undervalued” in the LIS field but it is an essential use of our time. [42] He has a Library Marketing Toolkit with a chapter on IM.

Without an overall plan, the message may get lost in the “noise.” Sophie Graham, in marketing a corporate medical library in the UK, discovered the value of an IM plan when she found her materials “drowned out” by the breadth of communications across her organization. [43] Although she had many of the traditional elements in place, Graham learned her IM needed to “shout louder.” She did that by surveying her organization’s existing IM and designing an approach that fit within it; she added more communication channels and redesigned some marketing materials to better showcase her library.

An IM plan offers an opportunity to manage change and align the entire organizational culture around a new idea. Pereyaslavska and Abba provide a case study for using IM in the library; they used IM principles to create and develop a more inclusive library. Technology changes libraries and it has changed how libraries view disability and how libraries view removing barriers to access. Pereyaslavska and Abba manage this change rather than allowing it to be one more way for dysfunction to gain a foothold. Pereyaslavska and Abba created “buy in.” They used IM to “build an enthusiastic working culture” surrounding accessibility issues and created “a commitment and alignment of attitudes and goals within the library that impact organizational culture.”[44] Pereyaslavska and Abba created an IM plan that goes beyond staff training and is more than a staff email or press release about a new feature. These are all important elements, but we do not typically wrap them all together in an IM plan designed to change the organizational culture of the library. Training about homelessness in the library or about new accessibility features or emotional intelligence will “stick” better if they are part of an IM plan aimed at aligning staff attitudes and creating an organizational culture focused on the library mission and the way those new features or programs support the mission. For example, after a training on difficult patrons, a young staff person needed follow up about dealing with unwanted sexual advances from patrons. She was lucky enough to have a more senior staff member to ask and direct her. [45] This is an example of training vs. an IM plan. In an IM plan/strategy, two things would be in place: the training would have been tied to the overall mission and customer service strategy of that library and the training would have been followed up with meetings, newsletters, etc. In other words, the answer would have already been addressed in the train-ing and planned follow up.

Lessons Learned

Libraries often have the basic building blocks in place but need to coordinate them into an IM plan to be able to align the organizational culture and the library mission. Any IM plan has to be rooted in the culture of the organization not in the techniques of marketing. It must begin with awareness of the culture, the goals of your campaign, and how they fit to- gether. And a successful IM program must focus on internal communication.

Key Tactics and Strategies [46]
• Survey existing internal marketing— you might not think you do any, but you do—look at everything you do, it might turn out to be more than you realized. Maybe current internal marketing only creates a noisy, complicated picture to staff. Establish what you already do before you plan an internal marketing campaign whether the campaign is tightly focused on a new accessibility feature or broadly focused on refreshing the staff awareness of the library mission.

• Internal market research—who are your stakeholders, what do they know, what do they feel about the job, do they feel they can speak up? Survey your stakeholders (staff, boards, city officials) formally or informally to identify training and marketing needs.

• Benchmark best practices—Identify best practices and principles that you want staff to know and follow (inclusiv- ity, tech policies, a customer service principle). Look to see what other libraries are doing.

• Training—Provide comprehensive training, where needed, to all staff with follow up and support. Use your internal market research to identify needs, use your survey of existing internal marketing to create a plan. If possible, establish incentives like certification for training received.

• Communicate clearly and often— Choose the right channel for the right staff at the right time: face-to-face communications, newsletters, videos, digital screens. Create specific internal marketing messages that are relevant to the areas/departments of your institution (account services, youth services, technical services, instruc- tional services).

• Align internal and external market- ing—time the internal messages to coordinate with external marketing as well as the library calendar.

• Champions: Develop a point person with knowledge of and interest in the training topic (and give them continued training to develop their expertise) to take a lead role in ensuring that all staff are up to date on current trends, tools, and to take the pulse of the library on the topic. [47]

What would an internal marketing campaign look like for an anti-bullying policy?
• Survey your existing internal marketing to look for any parts of the mission, values, or policies that already exist and look for any internal messaging surrounding these elements.

• Research your market, in this case staff. Do they know about these policies, do they notice a problem? This does not need to be a formal survey but can be informal conversations and questions at meetings, at the desk, etc.

• Make a plan for training—identify best practices, update policies if needed, and train staff on your policies and your expectations for following them, on identifying problems, and what to do when they notice an issue. Best practices suggest you include emo- tional intelligence training too.

• Communicate your anti-bullying message in multiple channels and choose the right message and right channels for each department in the library.
• Develop your “champion”—a go to person with the knowledge of the policies and the internal marketing plan to be able to answer questions and stay on top of the needs of the library. Call to Action I have attempted here to trace a path from disruption to dysfunction to solution. If you do nothing else with this information, pay attention to staff and their experience. Is there bullying at your library, do you have plans and policies in place to address dysfunction, what will you do if you notice or are told about an issue? Second, market your mission. Make the library mission a part of its day-to-day operations and use it to help align everyone to the goals and mission of the library. Bring to the fore the mission and the values of your library and the ways that library programs and policies support the mission. And make clear the critical role staff play in meeting the goals of the mission. Evidence suggests this will interrupt the path from disruption to dysfunction.
• References
  1. “Professional Ethics: Code of Ethics,” American Library Association, accessed Dec. 28, 2018, www.ala.org/tools/ethics.
  2. Motin, S. H. (2009). Bullying or mobbing: Is it happening in your academic library? Paper presented at the ACRL Fourteenth National Conference, Seattle, WA. Retrieved from http://www.ala.org/ acrl/sites/ala.org.acrl/files/content/ conferences/confsandpreconfs/national/ seattle/papers/291.pdf
  3. Li, X. & Bryan, L. (2010). On becoming an employer of choice: Gauging employee satisfaction through Climate QUAL. Library Trends, 59(1/2), 256-268. https:// muse.jhu.edu/article/407817, p. 266;

Freedman, S. & Vreven, D. (2016). Workplace incivility and bullying in the library: Perception or reality? College
& Research Libraries, 77(6), 727-48. doi:10.5860/crl.77.6.727 http://search. ebscohost.com.libdata.lib.ua.edu/login. aspx?direct=true&db=llf&AN=119891574 &site=ehost-live, p. 730)

4. Henry, J., Eshleman, J., & Moniz, R. (2018b). The dysfunctional library: Challenges and solutions to workplace relationships. Chicago: ALA Editions, p. 168)

5. Karim, N. H. A. (2010). The impact of work related variables on librarians’ organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 15(3), 149-163. http://search.ebscohost.com.libdata.lib. ua.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=llf&A N=503006492&site=ehost-live

6. Henry, J., Eshleman, J., & Moniz, R. (2018b). The dysfunctional library: Challenges and solutions to workplace relationships. Chicago: ALA Editions p. 174

7. Matteson, M. & Miller, S. (2013). A study of emotional labor in librarianship. Library and Information Science Research, 35, 54-62. doi.org/10.1016/j. lisr.2012.07.005

8. Motin, S. H. (2009). Bullying or mobbing: Is it happening in your academic library? Paper presented at the ACRL Fourteenth National Conference, Seattle, WA. Retrieved from http://www.ala.org/ acrl/sites/ala.org.acrl/files/content/ conferences/confsandpreconfs/national/ seattle/papers/291.pdf

9. Hecker, T. (2007). Workplace mobbing:
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10. Freedman, S. & Vreven, D. (2016). Workplace incivility and bullying in the library: Perception or reality? College
& Research Libraries, 77(6), 727-48. doi:10.5860/crl.77.6.727 http://search. ebscohost.com.libdata.lib.ua.edu/login. aspx?direct=true&db=llf&AN=119891574 &site=ehost-live

11. Kim, H., Geary, C., & Bielefield, A. (2018). Bullying in the library workplace. Library Leadership & Management, 32(2), 1-13. http://search.ebscohost.com.libdata.lib. ua.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=llf&A N=131456913&site=ehost-live

12. Henry, J., Eshleman, J., Croxton,
R., & Moniz, R. (2018). Incivility and dysfunction in the library workplace:

13. Perceptions and feedback from the field. Journal of Library Administration, 58(2), 128-152. doi:10.1080/01930826.2017.1412 708 http://search.ebscohost.com.libdata. lib.ua.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=llf &AN=127699140&site=ehost-live

14. Henry, J., Eshleman, J., & Moniz, R. (2018b). The dysfunctional library: Challenges and solutions to workplace relationships. Chicago: ALA Editions

15. Henry, J., Eshleman, J., Croxton, R., & Moniz, R. (2018). Incivility and dysfunction in the library workplace: Perceptions and feedback from the field. Journal of Library Administration, 58(2), 28-152. doi:10.1080/01930826.2017.1412 708 http://search.ebscohost.com.libdata. lib.ua.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=llf &AN=127699140&site=ehost-live

16. Freedman, S. & Vreven, D. (2016). Workplace incivility and bullying in the library: Perception or reality? College & Research Libraries, 77(6), 727-48. doi:10.5860/crl.77.6.727; Hale, V. and Haertl, J. (2016). Surviving a bully at work. Young Adult Library Services, Spring, 36-38, p. 36, Kim, H., Geary, C., & Bielefield, A. (2018). Bullying in the library workplace. Library Leadership & Management, 32(2), 1-13; Kendrick, K. (2017). The low morale experience of academic librarians: A phenomenological study. Journal of Library Administration, 57(8), 846-878. doi:10.1080/01930826. 2017.1368325; Henry, J., Eshleman, J., & Moniz, R. (2018b). The dysfunctional library: Challenges and solutions to workplace relationships. Chicago: ALA Editions.

17. Kim, H., Geary, C., & Bielefield, A. (2018). Bullying in the library workplace. Library Leadership & Management, 32(2), 1-13, p. 8.

18. Manners, I. & Cates, S. (2016). Bullying in the workplace: Does it exist in United States organizations. International Journal of Business and Public Administration, 13(2), 99-114.

19. Porath, C. & Pearson, C. M. (2010). The cost of bad behavior. Organizational Dynamics, 39(1), 64-71. doi:10.1016/j. orgdyn.2009.10.006

20. Kendrick, K. (2017). The low morale experience of academic librarians: A phenomenological study. Journal of Library Administration, 57(8), 846-878. doi :10.1080/01930826.2017.1368325, p. 862.

21. Henry, J., Eshleman, J., & Moniz, R. (2018b). The dysfunctional library: Challenges and solutions to workplace relationships. Chicago: ALA Editions

22. Porath, C. & Pearson, C. M. (2010). The cost of bad behavior. Organizational Dynamics, 39(1), 64-71. doi:10.1016/j. orgdyn.2009.10.006, p. 65 Porath, C., Foulk, T. & Erez, A. (2015). How incivility hijacks performance:
It robs cognitive resources, increases dysfunctional behavior, and infects
team dynamics and functioning. Organizational Dynamics. 44, 258-265. doi: 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2015.09.002; Porath, C. & Erez, A. (2009). Overlooked but not untouched: How rudeness reduces onlookers’ performance on routine and creative tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 29-44. doi:10.1016/j. obhdp.2009.01.003; Roter, A. (2017).
The role played by organizations and followers in dysfunctional leadership.
In Understanding and recognizing dysfunctional leadership: The impact of dysfunctional leadership on organizations and followers. Retrieved from http:// libdata.lib.ua.edu/login?url=https:// search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc t=true&db=nlebk&AN=1526878&site=e ds-live&scope=site; Kendrick, K. (2017). The low morale experience of academic librarians: A phenomenological study. Journal of Library Administration, 57(8), 846-878. doi:10.1080/01930826.2017.13 68325

Porath, C. & Pearson, C. M. (2010). The cost of bad behavior. Organizational Dynamics, 39(1), 64-71. doi:10.1016/j. orgdyn.2009.10.006, p. 65.

Hanges, P., Aiken, C., & Chen, X. (2007). Diversity, organizational climate, and organizational culture: The role they play in influencing organizational effectiveness. Proceedings of the Library Assessment Conference, Charlottesville, VA, 2006, 359-368, p. 363-364. Retrieved from https:// www.researchgate.net/profile/ Paul_Hanges/publication/251442925_ Climate_for_Diversity_and_Customer_ Service_The_Healthy_Organization/ links/566ec2ba08ae62b05f0b603a.pdf

Broady-Preston & J., Steel, L. (2002). Employees, customers, and internal marketing strategies in LIS. Library Management, 23(8/9), 384-393. doi. org/10.1108/01435120210439861

Li, X. & Bryan, L. (2010). On becoming an employer of choice: Gauging employee satisfaction through Climate QUAL. Library Trends, 59(1/2), 256-268. https:// muse.jhu.edu/article/407817, 2010, p. 263

Kyrillidiou, M. & Roebuck, G. B. (2017). Organizational climate and customer service: The ClimateQUAL and LibQUAL+ connection. In Lowry, C. B. (Ed.), ClimateQUAL: Advancing organizational health, leadership, and diversity in the

service of libraries (pp. 71-84). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 80).

28. Nous, R. (2015). Building cathedrals: Mission statements in academic libraries. Library Leadership and Management, 29(4), 1-12, p. 6.

29. Hecker 2007, Motin 2009; Osif (2010), Leiding (2010), Bell (2015), Staninger (2016), Farrell (2016), and Hale and Haertle (2016)

30. Freedman, S. & Vreven, D. (2016). Workplace incivility and bullying in the library: Perception or reality? College & Research Libraries, 77(6), 727-48. doi:10.5860/crl.77.6.727, p. 740.

31. Plocharczyk, L. (2013). Managing conflict and incivility in academic libraries.
In Blessinger, K. & Hrycaj, P. (Eds.), Workplace culture in academic libraries: The early 21st century (pp. 307-319). Oxford: Chandos Publishing.

32. Kim et al (2015) found that just 9.2 percent of the libraries they studied had anti-bullying policies (p. 9).

33. Kendrick, K. (2017). The low morale experience of academic librarians: A phenomenological study. Journal of Library Administration, 57(8), 846-878. do i:10.1080/01930826.2017.1368325 http:// search.ebscohost.com.libdata.lib.ua.edu/ login.aspx?direct=true&db=llf&AN=1259 42023&site=ehost-live, p. 871

34. Lowry, C. B., Hanges, P.J., & Aiken,
J. R. (2017). Leadership matters: The ClimateQUAL case. In Lowry, C. B. (Ed.), ClimateQUAL: Advancing organizational health, leadership, and diversity in the service of libraries (pp. 49-69). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 56.

35. Henry, J., Eshleman, J., & Moniz, R. (2018b). The dysfunctional library: Challenges and solutions to workplace relationships. Chicago: ALA Editions, (p. 174-175).

36. Kyrillidiou, M. & Roebuck, G. B. (2017). Organizational climate and customer service: The ClimateQUAL and LibQUAL+ connection. In Lowry, C. B. (Ed.), ClimateQUAL: Advancing organizational health, leadership, and diversity in the service of libraries (pp. 71-84). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 80.

37. Huang, Y. and Rundle-Thiele, S. (2015). A holistic management tool for measuring internal marketing activities. Journal of Services Marketing, 29(6/7), 571-584. doi. org/10.1108/JSM-03-2015-0112